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href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/hamas/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/houthis/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-24T00:46:58+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/houthis/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/houthis/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/saudi-arabia/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-24T00:46:58+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/saudi-arabia/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/saudi-arabia/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/tags/saudi-arabia/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/saudi-arabia/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/uae/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-24T00:46:58+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/uae/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/uae/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/uae/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/yasmeen-al-eryani-houthi-de-escalation-is-unlikely-to-last/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-24T00:46:58+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/yasmeen-al-eryani-houthi-de-escalation-is-unlikely-to-last/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/yasmeen-al-eryani-la-desescalade-des-houthis-a-peu-de-chances-de-durer/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/yemen/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-24T00:46:58+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/yemen/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/yemen/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/regions/europe/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-08T21:00:14+02:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/regions/europe/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/regions/europe/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/regions/europe/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/regions/europe/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/morocco/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-19T18:12:02+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/morocco/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/morocco/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/morocco/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/muslim-brotherhood/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-19T18:12:02+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/muslim-brotherhood/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/muslim-brotherhood/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/tags/muslim-brotherhood/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/muslim-brotherhood/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/topics/political-islam/</loc><lastmod>2026-09-25T09:56:25+02:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/topics/political-islam/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/topics/political-islam/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/topics/political-islam/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/topics/political-islam/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/youssef-chiheb-political-islam-does-not-seek-power-through-violence-but-through-the-democratic-process/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-19T18:12:02+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/youssef-chiheb-political-islam-does-not-seek-power-through-violence-but-through-the-democratic-process/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/youssef-chiheb-lislam-politique-ne-cherche-pas-le-pouvoir-par-la-violence-mais-par-le-jeu-democratique/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%89-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/fragile-peace-in-israel-why-an-eruption-of-violence-is-only-a-matter-of-time/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-14T21:42:18+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/fragile-peace-in-israel-why-an-eruption-of-violence-is-only-a-matter-of-time/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/la-paix-fragile-en-israel-pourquoi-une-flambee-de-violence-nest-quune-question-de-temps/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/fragiler-frieden-in-israel-warum-ein-gewaltausbruch-nur-eine-frage-der-zeit-ist/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" 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href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/abraham-accords/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/challenges-to-expanding-the-abraham-accords/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-16T20:40:13+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/challenges-to-expanding-the-abraham-accords/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/the-new-middle-east-ignites-competition-between-turkiye-and-israel/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-07T22:44:05+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/the-new-middle-east-ignites-competition-between-turkiye-and-israel/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/le-nouveau-moyen-orient-attise-la-concurrence-entre-la-turquie-et-israel/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/der-neue-nahe-osten-entfacht-konkurrenz-zwischen-der-turkei-und-israel/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/hijab/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-07T22:10:47+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/hijab/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/hijab/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/tags/hijab/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/hijab/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/hijab-symbol-identity-or-instrument-of-conflict/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-07T22:10:47+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/hijab-symbol-identity-or-instrument-of-conflict/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/hijab-symbole-identite-ou-instrument-de-conflit/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/hijab-symbol-identitat-oder-instrument-des-konflikts/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%87%D9%84-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/religious-reform/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-07T22:10:47+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/religious-reform/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/religious-reform/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/tags/religious-reform/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/religious-reform/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/women-rights/</loc><lastmod>2025-12-07T22:10:47+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/tags/women-rights/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/tags/women-rights/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/tags/women-rights/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/tags/women-rights/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/iran-at-the-heart-of-global-transformations/</loc><lastmod>2025-11-29T22:23:12+01:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" href="https://mena-studies.org/iran-at-the-heart-of-global-transformations/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr-FR" href="https://mena-studies.org/fr/liran-au-coeur-des-transformations-internationales/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="de-AT" href="https://mena-studies.org/de/iran-im-zentrum-der-globalen-umbruche/"/><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="ar" href="https://mena-studies.org/ar/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/"/></url><url><loc>https://mena-studies.org/tags/iranian-opposition/</loc><lastmod>2026-10-08T20:29:27+02:00</lastmod><xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en-GB" 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